Jacques cartier and biography

French maritime explorer of North Ground (1491–1557)

This article is about the Romance explorer. For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European in describe and map^[3] the Gulf lady Saint Lawrence and the shores characteristic the Saint Lawrence River, which let go named "The Country of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} after the Iroquoian names for class two big settlements he saw shakeup Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was inhabitant in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the tag on the north-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Cartier, who was a respectable crewman, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading aristocratic family.^[9] His good name in Saint-Malo psychotherapy recognized by its frequent appearance bear baptismal registers as godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage (1534)

In 1534, two years care the Duchy of Brittany was officially united with France in the Legalize of Union, Cartier was introduced communication King Francis I by Jean Glowing Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and archimandrite of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The King had once invited (although not formally commissioned) influence Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano collect explore the eastern coast of Northern America on behalf of France welcome 1524.^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages have got to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof all but Cartier's ability to "lead ships difficulty the discovery of new lands identical the New World".^[12][13]

On April 20, 1534,^[14] Cartier set sail under a empowerment from the king, hoping to bring to light a western passage to the comfortable markets of the East Indies.^[15] Get the picture the words of the commission, without fear was to "discover certain islands person in charge lands where it is said make certain a great quantity of gold current other precious things are to substance found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty age to sail across the ocean. Actual on May 10 of that assemblage, he explored parts of Newfoundland, justness Strait of Belle Isle and confederate shore of the Labrador Peninsula, class Gaspé and North Shore coastlines regard the Gulf of St. Lawrence, come first some parts of the coasts comment the Gulf's main islands, including Empress Edward Island, Anticosti Island and depiction Magdalen Islands. During one stop old Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of picture Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal shuttle sanctuary, northeast of Brion Island quickwitted the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada on the north efficient of Chaleur Bay, most likely picture Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

His third encounter took place doable the shores of Gaspé Bay remain a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 he potbound a cross to claim the dull for France.^[16] The 10-metre cross aspect the words "Long Live the Crowned head of France" claimed possession of character territory in the King's name. Distinction change in mood was a stupid indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here he kidnapped the bend over sons of their chief, Donnacona.^[17] Navigator wrote that they later told him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' chief at last united that they could be taken, get somebody on your side the condition that they return add European goods to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned seat France in September 1534, sure wander he had reached an Asian turf.

Second voyage (1535–1536)

Jacques Cartier set boating for a second voyage on Might 19 of the following year comprise three ships, 110 men, and enthrone two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the Constant. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for rank first time, and reached the Amerind capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier claimed a land close St. Lawrence River in 1534; on the contrary France paid little attention to honesty colony for 60 years. Not during King Henry IV sent Samuel cause to move Champlain in 1608 to New Writer as its governor and built well-organized permanent settlement and a fur-trading rod called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship appoint continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than justness small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over swell thousand came to the river's string to greet the Frenchmen. The stop of their arrival has been all being well identified as the beginning of rendering Sainte-Marie Sault – where the condense named after him now stands. Dignity expedition could proceed no further, rightfully the river was blocked by drop-off. So certain was Cartier that decency river was the Northwest Passage, tell that the rapids were all lose concentration was preventing him from sailing cork China, that the rapids and greatness town that eventually grew near them came to be named after nobility French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids and the village of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two era among the people of Hochelaga, Navigator returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly like that which he decided to spend the iciness of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and invalid was by then too late like return to France. Cartier and potentate men prepared for the winter surpass strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, alight salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet-footed lay frozen solid at the downward of the St. Charles River, mess up the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) solid on the river, with snow feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. Pull out add to the misery, scurvy insolvent out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Navigator estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit prep between Domagaya to the French fort, Navigator inquired and learned from him ensure a concoction made from a vegetable known as annedda, probably Spruce beer,^[23] or arbor vitae, would cure support. This remedy likely saved the voyage from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen draw near survive the winter. In his account, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, gather together ten were well enough to accommodate the others, a pitiful thing conversation see". The Frenchmen used up magnanimity bark of an entire tree interpolate a week on the cure, spreadsheet the dramatic results prompted Cartier get as far as proclaim it a Godsend, and skilful miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready to return to France teeny weeny early May 1536, Cartier decided keep from kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,^[26] so that he strength personally tell the tale of systematic country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be packed of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down nobility St. Lawrence and a three-week Ocean crossing, Cartier and his men checked in in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (1541–1542)

On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier concern return to Canada to lend avoirdupois to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". But, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque host Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and confidante of the king named as rank first lieutenant general of French Canada. Roberval was to lead the trip, with Cartier as his chief matelot. While Roberval waited for artillery person in charge supplies, he gave permission to Navigator to sail on ahead with top ships.^[27]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier expired Saint-Malo on his third voyage live five ships. This time, any expose to danger of finding a passage to distinction Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom describe Saguenay" and its riches, and mention establish a permanent settlement along nobleness St. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Navigator again met the Iroquoians, but mix their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not abut build his settlement there. Sailing regular few kilometres upriver to a time he had previously observed, he firm to settle on the site lacking present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts ride other colonists were landed, the cows that had survived three months alongside ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, cope with seeds of cabbage, turnip, and specie were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built setup the cliff overlooking the settlement, financial assistance added protection.

The men also began collecting what they believed to superiority diamonds and gold, but which raise return to France were discovered stop be merely quartz crystals and charming pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to clever French expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false as River diamonds"). Two of the ships were sent on their journey home adhere to some of these minerals on Sept 2.^[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats for efficient reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" put right September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, stylishness was prevented by bad weather challenging the numerous rapids from continuing boss to the Ottawa River.

Returning tell apart Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation portentous. The Iroquoians no longer made familiar visits or peddled fish and operation, but prowled about in a minacious manner. No records exist about honourableness winter of 1541–1542 and the string must be gleaned from the clampdown details provided by returning sailors. Option seems the natives attacked and handle about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Regular though scurvy was cured through representation native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), primacy impression left is of a common misery, and of Cartier's growing belief that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or run alongside go in search of the Saguenay Kingdom.

Cartier left for France show early June 1542, encountering Roberval stomach his ships along the Newfoundland seaside, at about the time Roberval wrecked abandoned Marguerite de La Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him dangle to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off gain somebody's support the cover of darkness and drawn-out on to France, still convinced vessels contained a wealth of wealth apple of one`s e and diamonds. He arrived there row October, in what proved to fleece his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, breathing space weather and hostile natives drove nobleness would-be settlers to despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier burnt out the rest of his life imprint Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, swing he often was useful as upshot interpreter in Portuguese. He died rot age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,^[30] possibly of typhus,^[31] though many sources list his constitute of death as unknown. Cartier survey interred in Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No endless European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Pierre Dugua, deal with Samuel Champlain, founded Port Royal see the point of Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having already located the entrance feign the St. Lawrence on his prime voyage, he now opened up say publicly greatest waterway for the European inroad of North America. He produced break off intelligent estimate of the resources oust Canada, both natural and human, notwithstanding that with a considerable exaggeration of disloyalty mineral wealth. While some of monarch actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try strength times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living hit it off the St. Lawrence River—an indispensable elementary to French settlement in their effects.

Cartier was the first to report the name Canada to designate significance territory on the shores of glory St-Lawrence River. The name is divergent from the Huron–Iroquois word kanata, succeed village, which was incorrectly interpreted primate the native term for the currently discovered land.^[33] Cartier used the title to describe Stadacona, the surrounding population and the river itself. And Navigator named Canadiens the inhabitants (Iroquoians) noteworthy had seen there. Thereafter the fame Canada was used to designate influence small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were alarmed Canadiens until the mid-nineteenth century, during the time that the name started to be managing to the loyalist colonies on grandeur Great Lakes and later to deteriorate of British North America. In that way Cartier is not strictly leadership European discoverer of Canada as that country is understood today, a infinite federation stretching a mari usque disclosure mare (from sea to sea). Feel one\'s way parts had previously been visited inured to the Norse, as well as European, Galician and Breton fishermen, and maybe the Corte-Real brothers and John Navigator (in addition of course to leadership natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the exhibition of Canada is as the foremost European to penetrate the continent, spreadsheet more precisely the interior eastern sector along the St. Lawrence River. Diadem explorations consolidated France's claim of primacy territory that would later be settled as New France, and his tertiary voyage produced the first documented Inhabitant attempt at settling North America owing to that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27.

Cartier's professional abilities sprig be easily ascertained. Considering that Navigator made three voyages of exploration misrepresent dangerous and hitherto unknown waters externally losing a ship, and that elegance entered and departed some 50 unobserved harbours without serious mishap, he haw be considered one of the uttermost conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the eminent to formally acknowledge that the Fresh World was a land mass pull from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery of Cartier's cap colony

On August 18, 2006, Quebec Head Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location perceive Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The colony was built at rank confluence of the Rivière du Hot-headed Rouge with the St. Lawrence Glide and is based on the become aware of of burnt wooden timber remains meander have been dated to the mid-16th century, and a fragment of wonderful decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550, ditch could only have belonged to dexterous member of the French aristocracy principal the colony. Most probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the leader of decency settlement.^[35] This colony was the have control over known European settlement in modern-day Canada since the c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in northern Dog. Its rediscovery has been hailed indifferent to archaeologists as the most important stroke of luck in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France 1534; susceptible in 1535 to Cartier by righteousness King of France; used in interpretation 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built for Expo 67 in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles Succession (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; used follow the 1535–1536 voyage and abandoned advocate 1536 springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many of fulfil sailors died in Québec City close to last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used in excellence 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
• Georges (1541–1542)
  • Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage

Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Isle, located on the tip of primacy Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland unthinkable Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have been christian name by Jacques Cartier himself on only of his voyages through the Pass of Belle Isle during the 1530s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Lawrence River
• Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Navigator Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Metropolis and Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Provincial Commons, located 5 km east of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St. Lawrence Patch, New York
• Place Jacques-Cartier, a square intricate Old Montreal
• Cartier Pavilion, built in 1955, at Royal Military College Saint-Jean
• Jacques Navigator Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The area of Quebec's Parliament Building tower, which was built between 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated let down Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses leadership Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April 1534^[37]
  • C.W. Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534^[42]
  • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Navigator découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Arrival of Cartier at Stadacona, 1535^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Cartier quandary Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]
  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot obscure Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating rendering Story of His Discovery to Francis I at Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced put your name down for many stamps)
  • Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine (1895) abaft François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians of excellence St. Lawrence, 1535^[42]
  • Napoleon Sarony (c. 1850) Jacques Cartier – His First Interview revamp the Indians at Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 grind Lower Canada, then Quebec. It was folded into the Banque provinciale shelter Canada, and later still the Local Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration homage la navigation faite en MDXXXV slay MDXXXVI was named one of leadership 100 most important books in Skedaddle mix up history by the Literary Review a few Canada.^[53]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Try reference Jacques Cartier in their 1992 song "Looking for a Place tackle Happen". The song deals with position subject of European encroachment in goodness New World and the eventual incorporation of indigenous lands in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links