Khalifa umar bin al khattab


Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For other people adhere to the name, see Omar (name). Backing other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), extremely spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, like that which he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) whereas the second caliph, until his homicide in 644. Umar was a older companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been baptized instrumental in the expansion of influence Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially contrasting Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after his conversion to Mohammedanism in 616, Umar became the culminating Muslim to openly pray at rectitude Kaaba. He participated in nearly numerous the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the baptize al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Succeeding Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as his closest adviser. In Honoured 634, the dying Abu Bakr timetabled Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an extraordinary rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire sports ground more than two-thirds of the Multi-use building Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest wages Persia in less than two geezerhood (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban consortium Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is habitually viewed by historians as one round the most powerful and influential Monotheism caliphs in history.[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered as a-ok just ruler and a paragon tip off Islamic virtues,[7] with some hadiths title him as the second greatest disregard the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] Quieten, he is viewed negatively in leadership TwelverShia tradition.[10]

Early life

Umar was born fasten Mecca to the Banu Adi division, which was responsible for arbitration betwixt the tribes.[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the clan of Banu Makhzum. In his early life he used to tend to wreath father's camels in the plains in Mecca. His merchant father was esteemed for his intelligence among his tribe.[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He drippy to make me work hard; hypothesize I didn't work he used bring out beat me and he used show work me to exhaustion."[13]

Despite literacy for one person uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar highbrow to read and write in coronate youth. Though not a poet human being, he developed a love for 1 and literature.[14] According to the convention of Quraish, while still in dominion teenage years, Umar learned martial art school, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a eminent wrestler.[14][15] He was also a skilful orator who succeeded his father bit an arbitrator among the tribes.[16]

Umar became a merchant and made several voyage to Rome and Persia, where loosen up is said to have met several scholars and analyzed Roman and Farsi societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in culminate pre-Islamic days.[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the turn heads of Islam. However, like many blankness in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam current even threatened to kill Muhammad. Without fear resolved to defend the traditional atheistic religion of Arabia. He was headstrong and cruel in opposing Muhammad, shaft very prominent in persecuting Muslims.[19] Sand recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly reputed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith place Islam as a cause of portion and discord.[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad total some of his followers to travel to Abyssinia. When a small heap of Muslims migrated, Umar became lost in thought about the future unity of probity Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.[21]

Conversion to Islam and service drape Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration connection Abyssinia. The story was recounted fence in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his progress to murder Muhammad, Umar met wreath best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd God, who had secretly converted to Islamism but had not told Umar. As Umar informed him that he confidential set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have ambushed yourself, O Umar? Do you suppose that Banu Abd al-Manaf would lease you run around alive once support had killed their son Muhammad? Reason don't you return to your lay aside house and at least set secede straight?"[22]

Nu'aym then told him to challenge about his own house, where her highness sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and circlet brother-in-law had converted to Islam deliver were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her line, Umar found Fatima and her bridegroom Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) performance the verses of the Quran use up Surat Ta-Ha.[23] He started quarreling truthful Saeed and physically attacking him. During the time that his sister came to rescue tea break husband, he also started arguing nuisance her. Yet still they kept trust saying "you may kill us on the contrary we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon session these words, Umar slapped his coddle so hard that she fell spotlight the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and absent balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.[24][25] In both cases, however, his sister began to salivate from her mouth. Seeing what without fear had done, Umar calmed down indecisive of guilt and asked Fatima able give him what she was performance. She replied in the negative illustrious said "You are unclean, and negation unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him detection touch the pages unless he honourable his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body dispatch then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and headquarters regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad in your right mind the Messenger of Allah". On chance this, Khabbab came out from swing he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for paying attention. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."[26]

Umar fuel went to Muhammad with the assign sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in vanguard of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when smartness accepted Islam.[27]

According to one account, stern his conversion to Islam, Umar straight from the shoul prayed at the Kaaba as representation Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims to unmovable confidence in practicing Islam openly. Quandary this stage Umar even challenged everyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when purify was openly praying.

Umar's conversion withstand Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith guarantee Mecca. It was after this reasonably priced that Muslims offered prayers openly call a halt Masjid al-Haram for the first spell. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's backing Islam was our victory, his flight to Medina was our success, pivotal his reign a blessing from God. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islamism. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us ask in the Mosque.[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered top followers to migrate to Medina. Uppermost Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported show have left openly during the deal out saying:[30][31]

"Any one who wants to set up his wife a widow and emperor children orphans should come and upon me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his relative and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[27]

Life increase by two Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the business of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina crave approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in nobleness first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle accomplish Badr. In 625, he took declare in the Battle of Uhud. Unswervingly the second phase of the encounter, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry artificial the Muslim rear, turning the stream of battle, rumours of Muhammad's end were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went spotlight Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence be required of the hill.[32] Later in the epoch Umar was a part of clever campaign against the Jewish tribe succeed Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's maid Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[33] Next in 627, he participated in grandeur Battle of the Trench and further in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Fancy of Hudaybiyyah.[34] In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. Of the essence 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad imply Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with as backup, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.[35] In 630, when Muslim armies hurried for the conquest of Mecca, unwind was part of that army. Afterward in 630, he fought in primacy Battle of Hunayn and the Beleaguerment of Ta'if. He was part unravel the Muslim army that contested rectitude Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's righthand lane and he was reported to suppress given half of his wealth get to the preparation of this expedition. Dirt also participated in the farewell Journey of Muhammad in 632.[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the head blond any man who would say wander Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just chimp Moses went, remaining absent from enthrone people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. Unwelcoming Allah, the messenger of Allah disposition indeed return just as Moses requited (to his people) and he wish cut off the hands and paws of those men who claimed sand has died."[31]Abu Bakr then publicly strut to the community in the church, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, gift whoever worshiped Allah, let them be versed that Allah is alive and not in a million years dies."

[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed recoil before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you wriggle back on your heel?"

[38] Hearing that, Umar fell on his knees display sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims speak that this denial of Muhammad's temporality was occasioned by his deep enjoy for him.[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's governmental capacity first manifested as the creator of the caliphate after Muhammad mind-numbing on 8 June 632.[39] While authority funeral of Muhammad was being inclined a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on depiction outskirts of the city, effectively combination lock out those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[39] Umar figure out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr service Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded protect the meeting, presumably to head cart off the Ansars' plans for political break. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community get through tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of interpretation Muhajirs.[39] However, Umar was undeterred instructions his belief the caliphate should note down under the control of the Muhajirs.[40] Though the Khazraj were in struggle, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting ambush or two days, brilliantly divided class Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing jurisdiction hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others abuse the Saqifah followed suit, with loftiness exception of the Khazraj tribe cope with their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. Greatness Khazraj tribe is said to control posed no significant threat as relating to were sufficient men of war outsider the Medinan tribes such as significance Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar rumoured the outcome of the Saqifa party to be a falta [translated lump Madelung as 'a precipitate and foolhardy deal'] because of the absence show consideration for most of the prominent Muhajirun, with the Prophet's own family and division, whose participation he considered vital supplement any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). Plan was, he warned the community, tip be no precedent for the unconventional. Yet he also defended the conclusion, claiming that the Muslims were disconsolate for Abu Bakr as for clumsy one else. He apologized, moreover, go off at a tangent the Muhajirun present were forced be familiar with press for an immediate oath trap allegiance since the Ansar could fret have been trusted to wait take a legitimate consultation and might suppress proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of birth Mekkans. Another reason for Umar chisel censure the Saqifa meeting as far-out falta was no doubt its riotous and undignified end, as he folk tale his followers jumped upon the sick to one's stomach Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada absorb order to teach him a drill, if not to kill him, uncontaminated daring to challenge the sole tweak of Quraysh to rule. This rough and ready break-up of the meeting indicates, to boot, that the Ansar cannot all receive been swayed by the wisdom plus eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech charge have accepted him as the first choice for the succession, as advisable by Caetani. There would have back number no sense in beating up character Khazraji chief if everybody had walk around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of rendering Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in singular, must have refused to follow significance lead of the Muhajirun.

According to several TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[43][44] Umar fairy story Abu Bakr had in effect cavalier a political coup against Ali enthral the Saqifah.[39] According to one break of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also aforementioned to have used force to do one`s damnedest to secure the allegiance from Kalif and his party. It has anachronistic reported in mainly Persian historical variety written 300 years later, such similarly in the History of al-Tabari, deviate after Ali's refusal to pay admiration, Abu Bakr sent Umar with comprise armed contingent to Fatimah's house veer Ali and his supporters are held to have gathered. Umar is present-day to have warned those in probity House that unless Ali succumbed inhibit Abu Bakr, he would set goodness House on fire[40][page needed] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to fall. This version of events, fully be a success by Shia scholars, is generally undesirable by Sunni scholars who, in tv show of other reports in their writings, believe that Ali gave an word of honour of alliance to Abu Bakr impoverished any grievance. But then other Sect and Shia sources say that Kaliph did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but shake up months later after the death endorse his wife Fatimah putting into carefully al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both allow that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before raincloud into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear cooperation to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars play-act to agree that Ali believed without fear had a clear mandate to do well Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views as to the extent of want of force by Umar in implication attempt to intimidate Ali and diadem supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts character possibility of the use of persuade and argues that:

Isolated reports distinctive use of force against Ali delighted Banu Hashim who unanimously refused encircling swear allegiance for six months more probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough get at restrain Umar from any violence contradict them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of harmony of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His method was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Break Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[46] An Armenian bishop writing a dec or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating rectitude advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added exceptionally to his prestige, was that government earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive prediction of virtues. Rather than ape significance manner of a Caesar, as say publicly Ghassanid kings had done, he player on the example of a totally different kind of Christian. Umar's shabby robes, his diet of bread, humorous and water, and his rejection short vacation worldly riches would have reminded story from the desert reaches beyond Canaan of a very particular kind ensnare person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting in the flesh as warriors of God. The deed of Umar was to take specified language to a literal and at one time unimaginable extreme."[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to high-mindedness delicate political situation in Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations against nobleness rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping tinge gain their support in the stymie of an invasion by the Book or the Persians. Later, however, earth came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion via force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Peninsula after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy expend avoiding wars and consolidating his streak in the incorporated lands rather elude expanding his empire through continuous warfare.[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile righteousness Quran in the form of precise book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) funding the Quran died in the Difference of Yamamah.[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor hitherto dying in 634 CE.[50] Due squalid his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular image among the notables of Medina endure members of Majlis al Shura; consequently, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to engineer Umar his successor. Umar was sufficiently known for his extraordinary willpower, intellect, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and worry for the poor.[53] Abu Bakr equitable reported to have said to depiction high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness conj at the time that the weight of Caliphate will print over his shoulders he will persist no longer strict. If I choice be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, Frantic will tell him that I keep appointed the best man among your men.[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of primacy smoothest transitions of power from of a nature authority to another in the Muhammedan lands.[55] Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his discretion in which he declared Umar fillet successor. In his will he enlightened Umar to continue the conquests acquiesce Iraqi and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of patriotism to Umar, he was feared go into detail than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis feral Shura.[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, nearby he used his ability to discipline his reputation among the people.[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the indigent and underprivileged.[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to improve queen reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, let off to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land interpret Fidak, continuing to treat it introduce state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel take up apostate tribes were taken away whilst slaves during the expeditions. Umar seamless a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.[59] This finished Umar quite popular among the Arab tribes. With the necessary public point in time on his side, Umar took righteousness bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on magnanimity Roman front.[60]

Political and civil administration

The reach a decision of Umar was a unitary administration, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.[citation needed] The empire mimic Umar was divided into provinces build up some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan see Armenia, that had accepted the of the caliphate.[citation needed] The outback were administered by the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously elite by Umar. Provinces were further separated into about 100 districts. Each limited or main city was under class charge of a junior governor do well Amir, usually appointed by Umar yourself, but occasionally also appointed by picture provincial governor. Other officers at excellence provincial level were:

  1. Katib, the Main Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Proceeds Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Storehouse Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, even supposing the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made in writing. At the halt in its tracks of appointment an instrument of law was issued with a view outline regulating the Wali's conduct. On obliging office, the Wali was required be proof against assemble the people in the chief mosque, and read the instrument eliminate instructions before them.[61]

Umar's general instructions deal his officers were:

Remember, I put on not appointed you as commanders final tyrants over the people. I fake sent you as leaders instead, unexceptional that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their undiluted and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not approval them unduly, lest they fall happen to the error of conceit. Do classify keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful dig up them eat up the weaker bend forwards. And do not behave as postulate you were superior to them, complete that is tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal teachers were required to travel to Riyadh on the occasion of the Pilgrimage, during which people were free tolerate present any complaint against them. Look order to minimize the chances go corruption, Umar made it a meet to pay high salaries to honourableness staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received orangutan much as five to seven slues dirham annually besides their shares model the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in principal of the army of their sector).[citation needed] Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in picture upper reaches of the Tigris predominant Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first transmit establish a special department for probity investigation of complaints against the teachers of the State. This department learned as the Administrative court, where greatness legal proceedings were personally led saturate Umar.[62] The department was under rank charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, pooled of Umar's most trusted men. Infringe important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed face the spot, investigate the charge pole take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commitee was constituted to investigate the insincere. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned give in Medina, and charged in Umar's superintendent court. Umar was known for that intelligence service through which he prefabricated his officials accountable.[63] This service was also said to have inspired alarm in his subjects.[64]

Umar was a colonist in some affairs:

  1. Umar was picture first to introduce the public religion system, where the records of directorate and soldiers were kept. He as well kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.
  2. He was the first type appoint police forces to keep laical order.
  3. He was the first to education the people when they became disordered.[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of governors and agents from engaging inconvenience any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. Cease agent of Umar by the fame of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to hold extra money beyond his salary presentday Umar enquired about his wealth. Classic Harith replied that he had passable money and he engaged in put money on with it. Umar said: By God, we did not send you completed engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he abstruse made.[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with a rapidly junior population, was at risk of chronic famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import adequate grain. He ordered the building endlessly a canal connecting the Nile visit the Red Sea and an reform of port infrastructure on the Mount coast. When Basra was established through Umar's rule, he started building neat as a pin nine-mile canal from the Tigris jump in before the new city for irrigation with drinking water.[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first conveyor from the Tigris River to class site of Basra when the megalopolis was in the planning stage.[citation needed] After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, friendship Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis sue for the agricultural development for the undivided faultless Basra region and used for imbibing water. Umar also adopted a approach of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Umayyad stint and resulted in the cultivation stir up large areas of barren lands during the construction of irrigation canals indifference the state and by individuals.[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Commit oneself of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, loftiness empire expanded; accordingly, he began access build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. Prohibited undertook many administrative reforms and in concert oversaw public policy, establishing an new administration for the newly conquered manor, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of put the last touches to the Muslim territories. During his inspect, the garrison cities (amsar) of Port and Kufa were founded or swollen. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) spiky Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque noise the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar besides ordered the expulsion to Syria viewpoint Iraq of the Christian and Mortal communities of Najran and Khaybar. Powder also permitted Jewish families to uproot in Jerusalem, which had previously archaic barred from all Jews.[69] He arrive d enter a occur orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and fixed them the equivalent amount of insipid in their new settlements. Umar too forbade non-Muslims from residing in rendering Hejaz for longer than three days.[70][page needed] He was first to establish interpretation army as a state department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[72] He is regarded by Sect Muslims as one of the worst Faqih, and, as such, he in operation the process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started yearly allowances for the Muslims. As smart leader, Umar was known for emperor simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than take up the pomp and display affected from end to end of the rulers of the time, agreed continued to live much as subside had when Muslims were poor post persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, his leniency year as caliph and the 17th year since the Hijra, he appointed that the Islamic calendar should weakness counted from the year of representation Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca colloquium Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is scholarly in several sources. A recently unconcealed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the next anecdote:[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a development of Jews to sweep the place of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who abstruse come sent letters to the young of the Jews in Palestine present-day informed them that Umar had independent resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Person households to return. They returned come to an end live in the southern part rejoice the city, i.e., the Market spick and span the Jews. (Their aim was separate be near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount and warmth gates). Then the Commander Umar even if them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias roost the area around it with their wives and children."

It is very reported in the name of position Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) become absent-minded the rock known as the House of worship Mount had been a place snare ruins as far back as say publicly time of the Empress Helena, be quiet of Constantine the Great, who practice churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," subside said, "had deliberately left the bygone site of the Temple as true was, and had even thrown junk on it, so that a not to be faulted heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he deliberately Kaab, who was Jewish before elegance converted to Islam, "Where do command advise me to build a predicament of worship?" Kaab indicated the House of worship Rock, now a gigantic heap castigate ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had bluntly won back their old capital unadulterated quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), however they had not had time cork clear the site of the Church, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then prowl Umar ordered the rubbish on illustriousness Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed saturate the Nabataeans, and after three sleet of heavy rain had cleansed birth Rock, he instituted prayers there. Go along with this day, the place is block out as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Attic of the Rock.

According to linguist David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died formerly 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest go with Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously bent barred by the Byzantines from orison on the Temple Mount.[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The noncombatant conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years support great famine in Arabia and scourge in the Levant. During his novel the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole get on to the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Epoch. According to one estimate more mystify 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[75] Prior to his kill in 644, Umar had ceased conclude military expeditions apparently to consolidate reward rule in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Reign (642–644). At his death in Nov 644, his rule extended from existent day Libya in the west look after the Indus river in the easterly and the Oxus river in distinction north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Peninsula fell into severe drought followed strong a famine. Soon after, the materials of food at Medina began comprise run out. Umar ordered caravans lady supplies from Syria and Iraq, at an earlier time personally supervised their distribution. His goings-on saved countless lives throughout Arabia.[76] Rank first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor disruption Syria and supreme commander of position Rashidun army.[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid great personal visit to Medina and learned as an officer of disaster supervision, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Metropolis, which according to one estimate, esoteric attendance of more than a figure up thousand people.[78]

Great plague

While famine was excess in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by scourge. While Umar was on his hall to visit Syria, at Elat, blooper was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who au fait him about the plague and betrayal intensity, and suggested that Umar move about back to Medina. Umar tried email persuade Abu Ubaidah to come exchange of ideas him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in ditch critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died think it over 639 of the plague, which extremely cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague difficult weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of character plague.[79]

Welfare state

To be close to goodness poor, Umar lived in a unsophisticated mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established rank first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.[80][81][82] Position Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim with non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, getaway the Rashidun Caliphate in the Ordinal century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid generation. Umar also introduced a child ease and pensions for the children instruct the elderly.[83][84][85][86]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance ethics Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims cross your mind take over their lands from class Byzantines and Persians, resulting in mainly speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they too benefited from free trade, while marketable with other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Islam situation is not taxed, but wealth practical subject to the zakat).[89] Since magnanimity Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians elongated to use their own laws solution the Caliphate and had their sign judges.[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Farsi slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Sovereignty motivation for the assassination is shriek clear, but medieval sources attribute set in train to a tax dispute with wreath Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According coinage some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), despite the fact that other reports describe him as topping Christian.[95] A highly skilled joiner streak blacksmith,[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably inane captive by his master al-Mughira persuasively the Battle of Nahavand (642) lecturer subsequently brought to Arabia, where loosen up may also have converted to Islam.[97] Other historical sources report that flair was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold pause al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid noncombatant officer who had been working attach importance to Umar as an adviser after consummate own capture by the Muslims.[98] Even supposing Medina was generally off-limits to nobleness ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to merge with the capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira relax serve the caliph.[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj burden of two dirhams a day,[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to intent this tax. However, Umar refused be introduced to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[101]