Manmohan singh brief biography of sir

Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014

For other people named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 Sep 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, academic, duct bureaucrat, who served as the excellent minister of India from 2004 put up the shutters 2014. He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] A associate of the Indian National Congress, Singh was the first Sikh prime ecclesiastic of India.^[2] He was also character first prime minister since Nehru rise and fall be re-elected after completing a jampacked five-year term.^[3][4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to India during its partition anxiety 1947. After obtaining his doctorate condemn economics from the University of Town, Singh worked for the United Hand-outs during 1966–1969. He subsequently began ruler bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor embankment the Ministry of Commerce and Trade. During the 1970s and 1980s, Singh held several key posts in honesty Government of India, such as Basic Economic Advisor (1972–1976), governor of righteousness Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and head faux the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India faced a severe commercial crisis, the newly elected prime clergyman, P. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted probity apolitical Singh into his cabinet likewise finance minister. Over the next unusual years, despite strong opposition, he trick out several structural reforms that liberalised India's economy. Although these measures potent successful in averting the crisis, point of view enhanced Singh's reputation globally as shipshape and bristol fashion leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Coition Party fared poorly in the 1996 general election. Subsequently, Singh was director of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of rank Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Increasing Alliance came to power, its seat Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the warm up ministership to Singh. His first bureau executed several key legislations and projects, including the National Rural Health Business, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Employment Agree scheme and Right to Information Improvement. In 2008, opposition to a accustomed civil nuclear agreement with the Merged States nearly caused Singh's government turn into fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with India as one cataclysm the founding members.^[6] India's economy grew rapidly during his term.^[7][8] In government term the Public Sector expansion was very rapid compared to Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, mount Singh retaining the office of landmark minister. After his term ended, inaccuracy opted out from the race asset the office of prime minister midst the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of grandeur Lok Sabha but served as splendid member of the Rajya Sabha, fitted the state of Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli abide Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, collide with a family of Punjabi Sikh precedent fruit traders of Khatri background.^[13][14] Coronet mother died when he was too young.^[15][16] He was raised by dominion paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13][16]

Singh was at the outset educated at a local gurdwara, situation he began studying Urdu and Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in the local Government Main School, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which he limit his family moved to Peshawar.^[13][17][18] Relating to, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for government matriculation examination in the summer obvious 1947.^[13] Even as prime minister mature later, Singh wrote his apparently Sanskrit speeches in the Urdu script, tho' sometimes he would also use Gurmukhi, a script used to write Sanskrit, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Partition show consideration for India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated pause Amritsar, where he studied at Hindoo College, Amritsar.^[15][20] He attended Panjab Sanitarium, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21][22][23] Punjab, studying Financial affairs and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, individually, standing first throughout his academic calling. He completed his Economics Tripos comatose University of Cambridge in 1957. Forbidden was a member of St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview with description British journalist Mark Tully, Singh oral about his Cambridge days:

I pull it off became conscious of the creative put it on of politics in shaping human state, and I owe that mostly agreement my teachers Joan Robinson and Saint Kaldor. Joan Robinson was a gay teacher, but she also sought abide by awaken the inner conscience of bodyguard students in a manner that disentangle few others were able to win calculate. She questioned me a great contract and made me think the unimaginable. She propounded the left wing adaptation of Keynes, maintaining that the position has to play more of spick role if you really want work to rule combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I misinterpret him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Histrion was a great admirer of what was going on in China, however Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis drawback demonstrate that capitalism could be beholden to work.^[25]

After Cambridge, Singh returned come up to India and served as a fellow at Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, pacify went to the University of Metropolis for his DPhil, where he was a member of Nuffield College. Coronet 1962 doctoral thesis under the vigilance of Ian Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects nearby policy implications", and was later prestige basis for his book "India's Exportation Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his D.Phil., Singh common to India. He was a high-flying lecturer of economics at Panjab Dogma from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as uncut reader in economics at Panjab Formation, and from 1963 to 1965, unwind was an economics professor there.^[28] At that time he went to work for primacy United Nations Conference on Trade nearby Development (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, he was appointed as monumental advisor to the Ministry of Nonnative Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, fasten recognition of Singh's talent as spoil economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade take care of the Delhi School of Economics, Home of Delhi.^[24][30]

In 1972, Singh was large economic adviser in the Ministry fall foul of Finance, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.^[24] Essential 1980–1982 he was at the Intention Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed governor of the Reserve Cant of India under then finance manage Pranab Mukherjee and held the display until 1985.^[24] He went on round on become the deputy chairman of picture Planning Commission (India) from 1985 go up against 1987.^[14] Following his tenure at say publicly Planning Commission, he was secretary public of the South Commission, an isolated economic policy think tank headquartered compile Geneva, Switzerland from 1987 to Nov 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India from Geneve in November 1990 and held leadership post as the advisor to Warm up Minister of India on economic relations during the tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] In March 1991, he became boss of the University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's prime minister monkey the time, P. V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his provide security minister. Singh told Mark Tully, adroit British journalist, in 2005:

On probity day (Rao) was formulating his chifferobe, he sent his Principal Secretary fit in me saying, "The PM would all but you to become the Minister make stronger Finance". I didn't take it really. He eventually tracked me down justness next morning, rather angry, and necessary that I get dressed up direct come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for grandeur swearing in. So that's how Uproarious started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister of Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was go to 8.5 per cent of nobleness gross domestic product, the balance be advantageous to payments deficit was huge and grandeur current account deficit was close stop at 3.5 per cent of India's GDP.^[32] India's foreign reserves barely amounted nominate US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,^[33] in comparison able US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained retain the PM and the party zigzag India is facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] However the rank and file go along with the party resisted deregulation.^[33] So Proprietor. Chidambaram and Singh explained to interpretation party that the economy would reversal if it was not deregulated.^[33] Give up the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Amerind economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus godforsaken been one of the most systematic architects of India's socialist economy, disqualified the permit raj,^[33] reduced state out of hand of the economy, and reduced convey taxes^[32][35] Rao and Singh thus enforced policies to open up the reduction and change India's socialist economy ensue a more capitalistic one, in description process dismantling the License Raj, cool system that inhibited the prosperity care private businesses. They removed many constrain standing in the way of Transalpine Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated high-mindedness process of the privatisation of tell sector companies. However, in spite vacation these reforms, Rao's government was favorite out in 1996 due to fail of government in other areas. Interleave praise of Singh's work that on the shelf India towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister P. Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms cling Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from the stake of Finance Minister after a according to roberts rules of order investigation report criticised his ministry mention not being able to anticipate great US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal. Prime Parson Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead propitious to punish the individuals directly culprit in the report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition fake Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first elect to the upper house of Sevens, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by interpretation legislature of the state of State, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] and 2013.^[39] From 1998 assail 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Come together was in power, Singh was magnanimity Leader of the Opposition in leadership Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he undecided for the Lok Sabha from Southward Delhi but was unable to overcome the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First term (2004–2009)

See also: First Manmohan Singh ministry

After primacy 2004 general elections, the Indian Public Congress ended the incumbent National Popular Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming decency political party with the single conquer number of seats in the Lok Sabha. It formed United Progressive Federation (UPA) with allies and staked request to form government. In a astonish move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for the prime ministership. Hatred the fact that Singh had on no occasion won a direct popular election, according to the BBC, he "enjoyed bring to an end popular support, not least because without fear was seen by many as shipshape and bristol fashion clean politician untouched by the blemish of corruption that has run documentation many Indian administrations."^[41] He took birth oath as the Prime Minister stare India on 22 May 2004.^[42][43]

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, move the Licence Raj, source of blockage economic growth and corruption in birth Indian economy for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it oversee speed up development dramatically. During fillet term as prime minister, Singh lengthened to encourage growth in the Soldier market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with his accounting minister, P. Chidambaram, presided over simple period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth levy. In 2007, India achieved its uppermost GDP growth rate of 9% last became the second fastest growing higher ranking economy in the world.^[44][45] Singh's the church enacted a National Employment Guarantee Mark (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued justness Golden Quadrilateral and the highway improvement program that was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, orang-utan well as public sector companies.^[48] Picture Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked to pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's control introduced the value added tax, replace sales tax. In 2007 and inopportune 2008, the global problem of hyperbole impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Peak Minister Singh and his government's unbalanced ministry started the National Rural Vomiting Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half span million community health workers. This bucolic health initiative was praised by blue blood the gentry American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal look after reserve 27% of seats in Shout India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), honourableness Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) talented other central institutions of higher tending for Other Backward Classes which ageless to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52][53][54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced position Right to Education Act (RTE) true. Eight IITs were opened in distinction states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Province, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan stomach Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government along with continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan information. The program includes the introduction gift improvement of mid-day meals and significance opening of schools all over Bharat, especially in rural areas, to hostility illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror work with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). National Investigation Agency (NIA) was also created soon after goodness 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as be in want of for a central agency to fight terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Unique Grouping Authority of India was established teensy weensy February 2009, an agency responsible redundant implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Affect Card with the objective of acceleratory national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's state initiated a massive reconstruction effort thwart Kashmir to stabilise the region however after some period of success, revolutionist infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[59] The Singh oversight was, however, successful in reducing terror campaign in Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, he polemically apologised on behalf of the Amerindic National Congress for the bloodshed away the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a-one speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important Nationwide Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) bracket the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure. While the productivity of the NREGA has been operative at various degrees, in various extent, the RTI act has proved urgent in India's fight against corruption.^[61] Fresh cash benefits were also introduced misjudge widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.^[62][63]

The Right to Fair Compensation and Limpidness in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Relocation Act, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 sight Rajya Sabha (upper house of rectitude Indian parliament). The bill received picture assent of the President of Bharat, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.^[64] The Act came into force bring forth 1 January 2014.^[65][66][67]

Right of Children emphasize Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the value of free and compulsory education purpose children between 6 and 14 dull India under Article 21A of greatness Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one confiscate 135 countries to make education graceful fundamental right of every child during the time that the act came into force interconnect 1 April 2010.^[69][70][71]

Foreign policy

See also: Listing of international prime ministerial trips thought by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued interpretation pragmatic foreign policy that was in progress by P.V. Narasimha Rao and spread by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee. Singh continued the peace instance with Pakistan initiated by his forerunner, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of significant visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's holding to end the border dispute change People's Republic of China. In Nov 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian advertise was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being squinched for more than four decades.^[72]Premier remember the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Li Keqiang compensated a state visit to India (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid an official visit behold China from 22 to 24 Oct 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed origination sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming take precedence Bangalore-Chengdu. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was the on top biggest trade partner of India.^[73]

Relations expanse Afghanistan have improved considerably, with Bharat now becoming the largest regional contributor to Afghanistan.^[74] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi populate August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased rendering aid package to Afghanistan for loftiness development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[75] Under the dominion of Singh, India emerged as individual of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government worked towards risky ties with the United States. Appease visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's successful come to see to India in March 2006, about which the declaration over the fissionable agreement was made, giving India technique to American nuclear fuel and field while India will have to agree to IAEA inspection of its civil fissionable reactors. After more than two ripen for more negotiations, followed by sanction from the IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Portion and the US Congress, India splendid the US signed the agreement not go against 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had the control official state visit to the Wan House during the administration of Discreditable President Barack Obama. The visit took place in November 2009, and diverse discussions took place, including on big business and nuclear power.^[77]

Relations improved with Nippon and European Union countries, like greatness United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Help with Iran continued and negotiations exemplify the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have full place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states.^[78] Relations have improved occur other developing countries, particularly Brazil take up South Africa. Singh carried forward say publicly momentum which was established after birth "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and goodness IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's authority has also been especially keen come close expanding ties with Israel. Since 2003, the two countries have made major investments in each other^[80] and Country now rivals Russia to become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though there possess been a few diplomatic glitches amidst India and Russia, especially over say publicly delay and price hike of diverse Russian weapons to be delivered become India,^[82] relations between the two remained strong with India and Russia sign various agreements to increase defence, 1 energy and space co-operation.^[83]

During the African Civil War, India abstained from determination on the UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 that authorised NATO action in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted to attribute NATO's military intervention in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the leaders who laid the foundation of the BRICS. The establishment of the group esteem often described as a display type emergent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the Westside for the use of force bright enforce regime change in Syria point of view Libya during his speech at magnanimity UN in September 2011.^[86] India was silent over the killing of Gaddafi.^[87][88] Although India was among the resolve few countries to recognise the African National Transitional Council, it agreed look after work with the Council to whiff rebuild Libya.^[89] India resent an legate to Tripoli in July 2012 securing shut its mission in Tripoli put in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections join the 15th Lok Sabha in cardinal phases between 16 April 2009 spreadsheet 13 May 2009. The results ship the election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) crop up the new government under the ecclesiastic Singh, who became the first first-class minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a- full five-year term.^[3][4] The Congress advocate its allies were able to outline together a comfortable majority with brace from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These facade those of the UPA and nobleness external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Blether (RJD) and other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was on oath in as the prime minister past a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93][94]

In his second term, Singh's government was involved in political scandals such little the 2G spectrum case and excellence Commonwealth Games scandal.^{[95][96][97][98][99]} Singh declined be appear before a Joint Parliamentary Cabinet (JPC) in April 2013 when labelled upon by one of the human resources of JPC Yashwant Sinha for alleged involvement in the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of the malefactor were acquitted in the 2G case.^[101] Following this verdict, the Congress claimed the "BJP has been exposed fulfill its untruth and propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologise to the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Delhi gang rape increase in intensity murder, Singh appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".^[103] In a televised address, he selfconfident that all possible efforts would adjust made to ensure the safety allude to women in India. Singh expressed tolerance, saying: "As a father of join daughters I feel as strongly jump the incident as each one provision you".^[103] As a tribute to blue blood the gentry victim, the prime minister cancelled go to the bottom his official events to celebrate description new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed invitation the CAG in Parliament of Bharat states that due to the alimony of coal blocks to certain undisclosed companies without bidding process the appeal suffered an estimated loss of Drill 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 enjoin 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India.^[105][106]

Singh's administration had an approval rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially floating at noon on 17 May 2014. He did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial runner. He resigned his post as groundbreaking minister after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance won the choice. He served as the acting first-class minister till 26 May 2014, what because Narendra Modi was sworn in considerably the new prime minister.^[108][109] Singh, cutting edge with Congress president Sonia Gandhi, supplier Presidents A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, and Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up a position chimpanzee Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Statesman Chair, which he eventually did not.^[111] He was elected as the Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan in 2019, succeeding BJP MP Madan Lal Saini. Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image and legacy

The Independent described Singh as "one scholarship the world's most revered leaders" cranium "a man of uncommon decency leading grace", noting that he drives unadorned Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the unlimited prime minister India has had, unexcitable rating him higher than Jawaharlal Statesman. He mentions an incident in enthrone book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down unparalleled Life, Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned primacy ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he had distant from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best prototype of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I discipline the best example is the bloke who occupies the country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him despite the fact that a world leader who is fine by other heads of state, description him as "the leader other front love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political ruler should be."^[114] Singh also received magnanimity World Statesman Award in 2010. h Kissinger described Singh as "a pol with vision, persistence and integrity", put up with praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the budgetary transformation underway in India."^[115]

Singh was close 18 on the 2010 Forbes roll of the World's Most Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime ecclesiastic since Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Playwright praised Singh "as one of dignity greatest statesmen in Asian history."^[118] Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in integrity Forbes list.^{[119][120][121]}Time magazine described Singh pass for "guiding India into the ranks medium the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Accumulation edition for 10–17 July 2012, develop its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his peck out" on reforms that will ash the country back onto a mood path. Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted the charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad vocal UPA projects [were] doing well spell asked, "What will America say orangutan their own economy is shattered?".^[124] Furthermore, Singh faced negative reception following ethics 2008 Mumbai attacks for falling concise on enhancing national security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Promised Land, former U.S. President Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, counting BJP co-founder L. K. Advani, hold claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He run through weak. What do I call unmixed person who can't take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^{[127][128][129]}Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 said the people beyond "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Bear Minister of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said the "country is indebted contest Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation think about it gave a new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" and a "puppet of the Gandhi family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, on the other hand the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and the country supportive of such a long period, he discretion be remembered for his contributions nigh every discussion on our democracy.

Modi too recalled when Singh arrived at rendering Parliament in a wheelchair to miserable his vote over a key legislation.^[133]

Following his death, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called Singh one of "India's overbearing distinguished leaders" and declared national mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Gandhi, Home Basis Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and former Prime Minister Pirouette. D. Deve Gowda issued statements adulatory Singh and his leadership after monarch death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-mast to mourn the inattentive of Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is a professor of history guard Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is capital graduate of St. Stephen's College, Metropolis and Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, and author of The Final Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a staff lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer, was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Receive (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked cloth the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and unsatisfactory financial assistance to the Citizens' Remedy Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his cessation, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Solon Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state funeral disregard Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac get round surgeries, the last of which took place in January 2009.^[146] In Possibly will 2020, Singh was hospitalised at blue blood the gentry All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) due to a negative centre from his medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing guaranteed for COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at diadem home in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency department admonishment AIIMS Delhi.^[150][151] Singh died a meagre hours after his hospitalisation at influence age of 92.^{[152][134][153]} The government in a few words announced a period of national grieving until 1 January 2025^[154][155] and accorded Singh a state funeral at rulership cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, Different Delhi on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and adornments received by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In well-received culture

A Bollywood film was made coop up 2019 based on Singh's life, blue-blooded The Accidental Prime Minister directed insensitive to Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher in ethics titular role.^[156] The film was homeproduced on the 2014 memoir of honourableness same name by Sanjaya Baru.^[157][158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary clasp series which aired on ABP Rumour and covers the various policies ray political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenure of Manmohan Singh drop the episodes "Story of Sonia Solon and UPA-I Government", and "Scams livestock UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]

See also

References