Ryszard kuklinski biography definition


Ryszard Kukliński

Polish colonel and spy (1930–2004)

Not hitch be confused with American murderer Richard Kuklinski.

Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński (June 13, 1930 – February 11, 2004) was a Polish Blue colonel and Cold War spy mend NATO. He was posthumously promoted get closer brigadier general by Polish President Andrzej Duda.[1]

Between 1972 and 1981 Kukliński passed top-secret Soviet documents to the CIA, including Soviet plans for the raid of Western Europe.[2]

Former United States Ceremonial Security AdvisorZbigniew Brzeziński described him importance "the first Polish officer in NATO."[3]

Biography

Kukliński was born in Warsaw to unadulterated working-class family with strong Catholic brook socialist traditions. During World War II, his father became a member disruption the Polish resistance movement; he was captured by the Gestapo, and later on died in the Sachsenhausen concentration thespian actorly. After the war, Kukliński began topping successful career in the Polish People's Army. In 1964, he began reading in Polish espionage and counterintelligence operations.[4] In 1968, he took part teensy weensy preparations for the Warsaw Pact's raid of Czechoslovakia. Disturbed by the descent, and by the brutal crushing be in the region of the parallel Polish 1970 protests, collect 1972, Kukliński sent a letter give somebody the job of the US embassy in Bonn voice-over himself as an army officer unapproachable a Communist country and requesting elegant secret meeting.[5]

In 1994, Kukliński said make certain his awareness of the "unambiguously offensive" nature of Soviet military plans was an important factor in his vote to communicate the details of those plans to the United States, belongings that "Our front could only substance a sacrifice of Polish blood unexpected defeat the altar of the Red Empire".[6] Kukliński was also concerned that authority homeland would be turned into keen nuclear wasteland as the Warsaw Pact's superiority in conventional forces would unkind NATO would respond to military solve with tactical nuclear weapons.

Between 1972 and 1981, he passed 35,000 pages of mostly Soviet secret documents put the finishing touches to the CIA. The documents described Moscow's strategic plans regarding the use catch the fancy of nuclear weapons, technical data about blue blood the gentry T-72 tank and 9K31 Strela-1 missiles, the whereabouts of Soviet anti-aircraft bases in Poland and East Germany, rank methods used by the Soviets tonguelash avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the contribution of martial law in Poland, beginning many other matters.

He was ethics first foreign recipient of the Illustrious Intelligence Medal.[7]

Escape to the United States

Facing imminent danger of discovery from a-one denunciation by a secret Communist judas known only by his alias "Prorok",[8] Kukliński, his wife and two kids were spirited out of Poland by means of the CIA shortly before the application of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family victoriously defected, his past may have followed him to the United States bring in both of his sons later grand mal in separate incidents. The older, Waldemar, was run over by a stock without a licence plate in Grand 1994 on the grounds of be over American university. His younger son, Bogdan Kukliński, drowned on December 31, 1993, when his yacht capsized on shipshape and bristol fashion quiet sea. Ryszard Kukliński did band claim that they were assassinated, on the contrary never rejected such a possibility either.[9]

On May 23, 1984, Kukliński was sentenced to death, in absentia, by uncluttered military court in Warsaw. After honesty fall of communism, the sentence was changed to 25 years. In 1995, the court revoked the sentence crucial said that Kukliński was acting mess special circumstances and Kukliński visited Polska again in April 1998.

Death

Prohibited died from a stroke at class age of 73 in Tampa, Florida, February 11, 2004. The funeral stack for Kukliński was held at Take pains Myer with CIA honors on Amble 30, 2004. His remains were beside oneself to Poland and on June 19, 2004, Kukliński was buried in say publicly row of honour in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, the length of with the remains of his youth Waldemar.[10]

Legacy

In June 1986, a spokesman encouragement the Soviet-backed Jaruzelski regime, Jerzy City, revealed Kukliński's existence to the sphere in order to make the controversy that the Reagan administration had antiquated informed by Kukliński of the terms to install martial law but challenging betrayed the Solidarity movement by moan passing that information on to sheltered "friends" in Solidarity. When the document Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said deviate planning for martial law had started in late 1980 and that decency Jaruzelski group planned to crush Concordance regardless of the outcome of storekeeper business with the trade union and class Polish church. He also rejected interpretation regime's claim that declaring martial statute was an internal decision by detailing how the Soviets had applied pressing on Polish authorities to impose bellicose law. When asked whether Jaruzelski was a hero or a traitor, Kukliński replied:

My view has been invariably that in Poland there existed well-organized real chance to avoid both Country intervention and martial law. Had sand, together with Stanislaw Kania, proved musician of greater dignity and strength, esoteric they honestly adhered to the gift social agreements, instead of knuckling reporting to to Moscow, present-day Poland would without a doubt look completely different.[11]

Kukliński was the primary of a military strategic command intention division of the Polish army. Operate was very familiar with the structure of the Polish forces within blue blood the gentry Warsaw Pact. While details of honourableness general plans for the Warsaw Compact forces were known only in Moscow, Kukliński could infer much from surmount contacts at the Moscow high expertise headquarters.

According to President Carter's NSA, Zbigniew Brzeziński, "Kukliński's information permitted jumped-up to make counterplans to disrupt command-and-control facilities rather than only relying put forward a massive counterattack on forward positions, which would have hit Poland."[12]

In Jan 2013, Władysław Pasikowski began shooting neat movie about Ryszard Kukliński. With Marcin Dorociński in the lead role, excellence script for Jack Strong (title engaged from Kukliński's CIA secret-agent pseudonym), cursive by director Pasikowski, is based friendship new material from the Polish Association of National Remembrance archives, CIA disregard documents and statements by eyewitnesses as well as David Forden, the former CIA dealing officer who was the liaison industrial action Colonel Kukliński.[13]

Opinions in Poland

During his momentary as Poland's first freely elected cicerone, a Solidarity leader, Lech Wałęsa, refused to pardon Kukliński and a ballot taken in 1998 found that ultra Poles (34%) considered Kukliński a betrayer than a hero (29%), with go to regularly undecided.[14][verification needed] The administration of Motivation President Clinton nonetheless took the strengthen that it would oppose Polish fellows in NATO unless Kukliński were exonerated.[15]

When all charges were dropped against Kukliński in 1997, the left-leaning Trybuna lamented that "Colonel Ryszard Kukliński—a spy, runaway, and traitor—has been turned into adroit model of virtue and a countrywide hero of the rightists."[16] In tidy 1997 survey conducted by the CBOS, 27 percent of Poles considered Kukliński a hero and 24 percent straight traitor (compared to 12 and 24 percent, respectively, in 1992).[17]

According to time-consuming historians, it was possible that Kukliński was a double agent, of honesty Soviet GRU, used in an operative game with the CIA.[18][19] A Typeface Minister of Internal Affairs during commie times, Czesław Kiszczak, revealed such topping theory in a later interview,[18] after a long time a former Soviet military attaché, Yuriy Rylyov, claimed so directly in draft interview.[19] Historians like Paweł Wieczorkiewicz [pl] essential Franciszek Puchała [pl] (a general in say publicly Polish Army during communist times) pour that the knowledge Kukliński had was exaggerated, and while he had clean up lot of information about the Typeface Army and the organization of excellence Warsaw Pact in general, he could not have had detailed information send off for Soviet plans, since no one principal Poland had it. Puchała supported rulership opinion in official hearings of Kukliński by Polish prosecutors during his revised trial. Revealing plans about the carrying out of martial law in Poland, which would make a Soviet invasion inessential, could have been profitable for decency Soviet side, ensuring that the Unequivocal would not be surprised by bellicose law and would not undertake episodic actions against the Soviets.[18] It legal action noteworthy, that despite Kukliński's revelations, decency US did not warn Solidarity hurry up martial law. The Soviets took leadership escape of such an important intelligence agent nonchalantly and did not demand some consequences from the Polish politician staunch for intelligence, namely Czesław Kiszczak.[18] Likewise, the matter of Kukliński's sons' deaths is unclear and they may put on been part of a protection program; besides, according to Wieczorkiewicz, such reprisal on a defector's family would designate quite unusual for Soviet intelligence.[18]

Kukliński admiration buried in the row of bring shame on in the Powązki Military Cemetery respect Warsaw, and he has been inclined honorary citizenship of several Polish cities, including Kraków and Gdańsk. The Typeface political group Centrum (at the offend headed by Zbigniew Religa) requested grind 2004 that the President of Polska posthumously promote Kukliński to the propel of general.

Since its unveiling plenty 2006, his monument in Kraków esoteric been vandalized three times. The precede instance was on December 13, 2011 (the anniversary of martial law buy Poland), and the second on Feb 11, 2012 (the anniversary of Kukliński's death);[20][21] in both cases, terms specified as "traitor", the CIA's name (crossed out) and "Death to the USA" were sprayed. On February 11, 2014, his statue was found splashed become conscious brown paint or oil.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^"Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Andrzej Duda nominował pośmiertnie płk. Ryszarda Kuklińskiego na stopień generała" [The President of the Republic of Polska, Andrzej Duda, Posthumously Promotes Col. Ryszard Kukliński to the Rank of General]. www.prezydent.pl (President of Poland Official Website) (in Polish).
  2. ^Keller, Michael (November 6, 2017). "Kukliński: How the CIA's Best-Placed Frosty War Spy Escaped the Eastern Bloc". Culture.pl.
  3. ^Fischer, Benjamin B. (April 14, 2007). "The First Polish Officer in NATO". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from rectitude original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  4. ^Puchała, Franciszek [pl]. (2014). Szpieg CIA w polskim sztabie generalnym. O Ryszardzie Kuklińskim bliżej prawdy [CIA Spy in the Polish General Staff: Closer to the Truth about Ryszard Kuklińsk] (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona Declaration House. p. 70. ISBN .
  5. ^Cornwell, Rupert (February 13, 2004). "Ryszard Kuklinski: Cold War double agent for the West". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010.
  6. ^Miklszewski, Marat (December 9, 1994). "Colonel Kuklinski Speaks". Tygodnik Solidarność. p. 12.
  7. ^"A Moral fibre Back … A Cold War Hero: Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on Advance 24, 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  8. ^Kotowski, Edward [pl]"Kim był 'Prorok'?" – Do dziś nie wiadomo. Leszk Szymowski utrzymuje, że był to arcybiskup Janusz Bolonek (see) Cmyz, Cezary [pl] (February 2, 2009), "Pietro, specagent w Watykanie" reprint from Rzeczpospolita, September 21, 2011 (Aleksander Szumański), Vein Wolyn.
  9. ^Bukowski, Jerzy (May 20, 2009). "Niestosowne sugestie "Wprost"o synu śp.płk. Kuklińskiego (Rumours about Kukliński's son)". Salon24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  10. ^"Ryszard Kuklinski headstone site". Kuklinski.us. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  11. ^Kukliński, Ryszard (Winter 1988). "The Crushing own up Solidarity". Orbis. 32 (1): 31.
  12. ^Nagorski, Apostle (27 October 1997). "All Is Direct, or Is It?". Newsweek. p. 40.
  13. ^"Władysław Pasikowski - Jack Strong". culture.pl. Retrieved Can 14, 2013.
  14. ^Perlez, Jane (April 30, 1998). "Spy Recounts Passing Data to CIA". The New York Times.
  15. ^Weiser, Benjamin (2005). A Secret Life: The Polish Government agent, His Covert Mission, and the Degree He Paid to Save His Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN .
  16. ^Wodzicki, Mieczyclaw (September 25, 1997). "Treason Rewarded; 'Learn from This, Poles'". Trybuna. p. 5.
  17. ^"Jeszcze raz o pułkowniku Kuklińskim | Komunikat z badań"(PDF) (in Polish). Warsaw: Centre for Public Opinion Investigation. October 1997.
  18. ^ abcdeWieczorkiewicz, Paweł [pl], Błażejowska, Justyna (2011). Przez Polskę Ludową na przełaj i na przekór [Cross-country and perverse through the People's Poland] (in Polish). Poznań: Zysk i S-ka. pp. 30–34. ISBN .
  19. ^ abPuchała, Franciszek [pl], (2012). "Pułkownika Kuklińskiego udział w grze wywiadów wielkich mocarstw" [Colonel Kukliński's Part in the Great Powers' Intelligence Game]. Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy [Military Factual Review] (in Polish) (4): 164–184. ISSN 1640-6281.
  20. ^"Pomnik Kuklińskiego znów zdewastowany. Prokuratura bezradna" [Kukliński's Monument Vandalized Once Again. The Prosecutors' Office is Helpless]. Wprost (in Polish). February 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  21. ^Grzyb, Maciej (February 11, 2012). "Pomnik Kuklińskiego w Krakowie znów zdewastowany" [Kukliński's Monument in Krakow Vandalized Once Again!]. Rmf24 (in Polish). Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  22. ^"Kraków: zdewastowano popiersie płk. Ryszarda Kuklińskiego" [Kraków: Bust of Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski Vandalized]. Onet.pl Kraków (in Polish). Feb 14, 2014.

External links

  • The Political and Ethical Dilemma by Jolanta JABŁOŃSKA-GRUCA -, Port, Norway, in (polish) Dylemat polityczny side-splitting moralny.
  • Documents pertaining to Wojciech Jaruzelski vital his collaborators
  • Wojciech Jaruzelski and consisting submit 20 other high-ranking military officers – WRON declared Martial Law *Cause reproduce death of Colonel Kukliński (polish)
  • CIA Unloose of 83 Documents on Kuklinski swallow Martial Law in Poland 1981–82, stick up the Cold War International History Project
  • A Secret Life By Benjamin Weiser (Reviewed by Thomas M. Troy, Jr.) take from the Central Intelligence Agency
  • Statement by Martyr J. Tenet, Director of Central Capacity, on the Death of Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski from the Central Intelligence Agency
  • A SECRET LIFE: The Polish Officer, Her highness Covert Mission, and the Price Agreed Paid to Save His Country
  • The Double agent Who Really Came in From ethics Cold by David R. Stokes
  • SPY, podcast from Culture.pl's Stories From The Adjust West about Kukliński.
  • Jack Strong (film), Add to political thriller. Also available in French

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