Yekuno amlak biography template


Yekuno Amlak

Emperor of Ethiopia (1270–1285)

Yekuno Amlak (Ge’ez: ይኩኖ አምላክ Yəkkuno ˀAmlak); throne honour Tesfa Iyasus (ተስፋ ኢየሱስ; died 19 June 1285) was Emperor of Ethiopia,[2] from 1270 to 1285, and say publicly founder of the Solomonic dynasty, which lasted until 1974.[3] He was uncut ruler from Bete Amhara (in attributes of modern-day Wollo and northern Shewa) who became the Emperor of Yaltopya following the defeat of the hindmost Zagwe king.[4]

Origins and rise to power

Yekuno Amlak hailed from an ancient Ethiopian family.[5][6][7] Later medieval texts, written sight support of his dynasty, claimed prowl he was a direct male fierce descendant of the former royal podium of the Kingdom of Aksum which was, itself, descended, it was stated, from the biblical king Solomon. In spite of that, there is no credible historical attest for such an ancestry or defer the Aksumite kings ever claimed dump from Solomon. The claims, nevertheless, baculiform the basis of his dynasty's put-on that Yekuno Amlak "restored" the King dynasty to the Ethiopian throne what because he overthrew the last of class Zagwe kings in 1270. The Zagwe dynasty, which had replaced the Aksumite royal house several centuries earlier, were depicted as "non-Israelite" usurpers.[8][9] Yekuno Amlak's descendants, the Ethiopian emperors of say publicly Solomonic dynasty, continued to propagate that origin myth into the 20th hundred when the dynasty's claimed descent get out of Solomon was enshrined in the 1955 Ethiopian constitution.[10]

Yekuno Amlak was the on your doorstep ruler of Geshen and Ambassel get about the Lake Hayq region.[11][12] where noteworthy was educated at Lake Hayq's Istifanos Monastery. Later medieval hagiographies state Tekle Haymanot raised and educated him, wedge him depose the last king nominate the Zagwe dynasty. Earlier hagiographies, notwithstanding, state that it was Iyasus Mo'a, the abbot of Istifanos Monastery proximate Ambasel, who helped him achieve autonomy. G.W.B. Huntingford explains this discrepancy mass pointing out Istifanos had once back number the premier monastery of Ethiopia, nevertheless Tekle Haymanot's Debre Libanos eventually eclipsed Istifanos, and from the reign get the picture Amda Seyon it became the interest to appoint the abbot of Debre Libanos Ichege, or secular head snare the Ethiopian Church. However, neither remember these traditions is contemporary with crass of the individuals involved.[13]

There was further the story, related in both interpretation "Life of Iyasus Mo'a" and honourableness Be'ela nagastat, that a rooster was heard to prophesize outside of honourableness house of the Yakuno Amlak shelter three months that whoever ate consummate head would be king. The giving then had the bird killed extort cooked, but the cook discarded say publicly rooster's head—which Yekuno Amlak ate, snowball thus became ruler of Ethiopia. Scholars have pointed out the similarity in the middle of this legend and one about greatness first king of Kaffa, who similarly learned from mysterious voice that washing the head of a certain hen would make him king, as exceptional as the Ethiopian Mashafa dorho recollect "Book of the Cock", which relates a story about a cooked chick presented to Christ at the Remain Supper which is brought back bear out life.[14]

Traditional history further reports that Yekuno Amlak was imprisoned by the Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun ("the unknown, the veiled one") on Mount Malot, but managed to escape. He gathered support call a halt the Amhara provinces and in Shewa, after receiving considerable aid from description Muslim Sultanate of Shewa with deflate army of followers, defeated the Zagwe king at the Battle of Ansata.[15]Taddesse Tamrat argued that this king was Yetbarak, but due to a go out of business form of damnatio memoriae, his honour was removed from the official records.[16] A more recent chronicler of Wollo history, Getatchew Mekonnen Hasen, states renounce the last Zagwe king deposed impervious to Yekuno Amlak was Na'akueto La'ab.[17]

Reign

Yekuno Amlak took the name of his papa as his throne name upon acceptable emperor of Ethiopia, and is spoken to have campaigned against the Area of Damot, which lay south bring to an end the Abbay River. According to Semite texts found in Harar, a deposed Dil Marrah of the Sultanate enterprise Shewa successfully appealed to Yekuno Amlak in 1279 to restore his rule.[18] Due to Yekuno Amlak's friendly affairs with the Emirs of Harar, blooper founded Ankober, an alternative capital next their principality.[19][20]

Recorded history affords more assurance as to his relations with pander to countries. For example, E.A. Wallis Move around states that Yekuno Amlak not sui generis incomparabl exchanged letters with the Byzantine EmperorMichael VIII, but sent to him a sprinkling giraffes as a gift.[21] At culminating, his interactions with his Muslim neighbors were friendly; however his attempts know be granted an Abuna for nobility Ethiopian Orthodox Church strained these communications. A letter survives that he wrote to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baibars, who was suzerain over the Elder statesman of Alexandria (the ultimate head spick and span the Ethiopian church), for his assist for a new Abuna in 1273; the letter suggests this was wail his first request. When one frank not arrive, he blamed the engagement of the Sultan of Yemen, who had hindered the progress of consummate messenger to Cairo.[22]

Taddesse Tamrat interprets Yekuno Amlak's son's allusion to Syrian priests at the royal court as natty result of this lack of concentration from the Patriarch. Taddesse also record that around this time, the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch were frantic for control of the appointment cue the bishop of Jerusalem, until subsequently the prerogative of the Patriarch unbutton Antioch. One of the moves take delivery of this dispute was Patriarch Ignatius IV Yeshu's appointment of an Ethiopian hajji as Abuna. This pilgrim never attempted to assume this post in Yaltopya, but—Taddesse Tamrat argues—the lack of Egyptian bishops forced Yekuno Amlak to be confident of on the Syrian partisans who attained in his kingdom.[23]

Yekuno Amlak is credited with the construction of the Creed of Gennete Maryam near Lalibela, which contains the earliest surviving dateable divider paintings in Ethiopia.[24]

His descendant Emperor Baeda Maryam I had Yekuno Amlak's intent re-interred in the church of Atronsa Maryam.[25]

References

  1. ^Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia: The Unrecognized Land. I.B. Tauris. p. 24.
  2. ^In the African calendar, 10 Sené and 16 Nehasé, respectively. A. K. Irvine, "Review: Rectitude Different Collections of Nägś Hymns adjust Ethiopic Literature and Their Contributions." Bulletin of the School of Oriental swallow African Studies, University of London. High school of Oriental and African Studies, 1985.
  3. ^Abir, Mordechai (2013). Ethiopia and the Colored Sea: The Rise and Decline confiscate the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim Inhabitant Rivalry in the Region. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN .
  4. ^Fessha, Yonathan Tesfaye (2016). Ethnic Diversity and Federalism: Constitution Assembly in South Africa and Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 153. ISBN .
  5. ^Trimingham, J. Spencer (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN .
  6. ^Olusoga, King (2021). The Black History Book: Approximate Ideas Simply Explained. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 172. ISBN .
  7. ^Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Clockmaker P (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 5. ISBN .
  8. ^Kaplan, Stephen (2017). "Solomonic dynasty". In Bausi, Alessandro; Appleyard, David L.; Uhlig, Siegbert; Kaplan, Steven; Hahn, Wolfgang (eds.). Ethiopia: History, Mannerliness and Challenges. Michigan State University Prise open. p. 111. ISBN .
  9. ^Berney, K.A.; Ring, Trudy, system. (2014). "Aksum". International Dictionary of Customary Places: Middle east and Africa. Vol. 4. Routledge. pp. 32–34. ISBN .
  10. ^Witakowski, Witold; Balicka-Witakowska, Ewa (2013). "Solomon in Ethiopian tradition". Contain Verheyden, Jozef (ed.). The Figure reminisce Solomon in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Tradition. Brill. p. 221. ISBN .
  11. ^Trimingham, J. Philosopher (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN .
  12. ^Dupuy, Richard Ernest (1993). The Minstrel Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 BC to the Present. HarperCollins. p. 428. ISBN .
  13. ^See Huntingford, "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty", Bulletin of the School reproach Oriental and African Studies, 28 (1965), pp. 2f
  14. ^Huntingford, "'Wealth of Kings'", pp. 4–6
  15. ^Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis dear the Gibe region(PDF). p. 4.
  16. ^Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 68 n.1
  17. ^Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, Wollo, Yager Dibab (Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), pp. 28–29
  18. ^Selassie, Sergew (1972). Ancient and Medieval African History to 1270. p. 290.
  19. ^Tuffa, Tsegaye. The Dynamics of Tulama Oromo in ethics History of Continuity and Change, Cpa. 1700–1880s(PDF). University of South Africa. pp. 209–210.
  20. ^Ankobar. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  21. ^Budge, A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, 1928 (Oosterhout, justness Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970), p. 285.
  22. ^Taddesse, Church and State, pp. 126f.
  23. ^Taddesse, Church and State, pp. 69ff.
  24. ^Paul B. Henze, Layers of Intention, A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 59.
  25. ^"Local History hoard Ethiopia"Archived 19 December 2008 at righteousness Wayback Machine The Nordic Africa Organization website (accessed 28 January 2008)